Biotechnology and Environmental Biosafety
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT SCHOOL biosafety
In the field of AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION
Doctoral artist Ashok Kumar Panigrahi, Balasore.
Technical questions:
Genetic modification of agricultural seed cotton, soybeans, corn, potatoes, rice and tree in the forest.
Prolegomena
The all major anxiety issues discussed include the world today is the invasion of good science, 'biotechnology' to almost every nook and corner of the biosphere and practical to bad science, 'thanotechnology' for each vital your concerns and speed up the overall biosphere.It to destroy all started with little-known episode in 1980, that the United States Supreme Court decision in the case, Diamond VRS. India, where the highest U.S. court decided that life biology has been legally patentable.
History
Anand Mohan Chakrabraty microbiological and staff General Electric Company (GE) developed a type of bacteria that can eat oil from oil spills. GE rushed for a patent in 1971 but was turned down as the format alive not patentable. GE and victory conditions. In 1985 the Patent and Trademark United States Office (PTO) ruled that the decision may be further extended to all Chakrabraty plants, seeds and plant tissues or to the entire kingdom plant.
U.S. company WR Grace was granted 50 U.S. patents on Neem tree, Indian Patent degree that even the indigenous knowledge of drug use Neem products (since leveled 'biopiracy'). 1988 PTO patent Animal Harvard professor, and Timothy A. Philip Lader Stewart who created a mouse changes genes are genes of chickens and humans. In 1991, the PTO granted a patent for cell human origin and then to the human genome. Biocyte was awarded patent European institutions on all umbilical cord cells from fetuses and new babies even even without the permission of the 'donors. Office of European Patents (EPO) has received applications from Baylor University for the patenting of auxiliary Women have been genetically modified to produce protein GE in their mammary glands.
Baylor University primarily sought monopoly in the use of human mammary glands produce pharmaceuticals. Attempts were made to the blood cell patents of the indigenous people of Panama, the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea. Within a decade Chakrabarty's dominance 'of the United States Supreme Court revolutionized the research and development development of biotechnology-related microorganisms to humans led it to be brought mark as bad science, "thanotechnology" in the following decade and hate the world. The biotechnology company engaged in pharmaceutical biotechnology quickly move to agriculture, obtained patents on seeds, seed company acquisition Small, destroying their stocks of seed and replaced with GE seeds. In the decade some companies have gained control of the exclusive worldwide like soybeans, corn and cotton (used in food processing through the cotton and oil seeds). As a result, nearly 2 / 3 rd. food processing so that some GM ingredients in them.
However, even without any labelings, relevant U.S. Consumers perceptions of food products so popular technology companies biology. Immediately the company said that civic consciousness away from GM foods and their organization to convince the managers do not require such labelings. Somewhat horrified the risk assessment in the U.S. bureaucracy to ignore, for the engine of the ill biotechnology companies.
Interests
All genetical modified based on recombinant DNA technology. The society is now faced with the problem subject not only unprecedented in the history of science, but of all life on earth. The GE technology allows companies to profit-driven biotechnology Study design capacity of all living organisms, the products of three billion years of evolution. In the words of Dr. George Wald, Nobel laureate in medicine (1967), Higgins Professor of Biology at Harvard University, "it may be capable of new varieties and food animal diseases materials, new sources of disease and novel cancer. "
On the Record
In 1989, found Americans have died and tens of thousands more have been affected and reduced by the target of a genetically modified version of the food supplement L – tryptophan. A $ resolution 2000000000 was paid by Showa Denko, Japan 3. Largest chemical company (and Mayeno Gleich, 1994)
In 1996, pioneer Hi-Bred transplant Brazil nut gene into soybeans. Some individuals are allergic to nuts is that they go into apoplectic shock that can cause death. Animal tests confirm risk and these products were removed from the market soon before any deaths occurred. In the words of Marion Nestle, nutrition hod, New York University, "school The next case could be less than ideal and the public less fortunate. "
In 1994 U.S. FDA approval of Monsanto r-BGH, a GE growth hormones for dairy cows to injections enhance their milk production, although experts warn that the increase results IGF-1, a powerful hormone chemistry, related to 400-500% higher risk of human breast, prostrate and colon cancer. According to Dr. Samuel Epstein of the University of Chicago, "he cause malignant transformation of breast epithelial cells of the human "study. in Mice suspected and confirmed that damage to internal organs with r-BGH drink. Even the FDA's separate tests showed an increase in spleen volume by 46%, a state which is a prelude to "leukemia. argues that these substances were made damage caused by disinfectant has been disabled by two scientists of Monsanto's separately, Ted and Brian Mc Bride Elasser who found only 19% of the hormone have been destroyed after boiling for 30 minutes (disinfection only takes 30 seconds). Although Canada, EU, Australia, New Zealand and even the United United Nations Codex Alimentarius declined to confirm the GE hormone, with a free market in USA by Monsanto. It was discovered that two U.S. officials named Margaret Miller and Michael Taylor in the U.S. FDA States had helped Monsanto's r-BGH overcome barriers of risk factors were in fact previous employees of Monsanto.
A number of GM products has been approved by the U.S. FDA regarding the herbicide that is commonly known as' News to cause cancer, '-' bromoxiny'l use on Bt. Cotton and Monsanto's 'Round-up' or Glufosinate use on GM soybeans, corn and canola. Sharyn Martin, a researcher, has stated that a number of auto immune disease is enhanced by the piece Foreign DNA that comes with genetically modified food is not fully digested in the stomach and human intestines. DNA Fragments absorbed into the blood stream mixing with normal DNA through recombination and are, therefore, unpredictable. Such fragments DNA was found in GM and GM soy and other products is available on the market school.
Fear factor
Professor Joe Cummins, Professor Emeritus of Genetics, University Study of Western Ontario said, 'plant virus resistance has become the mainstay of the industry biotechnology. Plants carrying viral genes are foreign to GM empowerment of plants against virus attack. Most fruits, vegetables and food children in the U.S. market is of this category. Laboratory. experiments shows that the viral genes in GE foods can give rise to new viruses – deadlier than viruses to plants being protected from ', a fact that is quite alarming.
In 1986, it was reported that GE plants TMV gene delayed the development of disease and this report has opened the flood doors to create resistance to a range of other viruses. But the fact that the viral coat protein produced in GE crops do not block viruses into plant cells instead of the transgene were exposed to the nucleic acids of various virus was brought to the factory of the insect vector. Some research results are have to show that plant viruses can acquire a wide range of viral genes from GE plants through recombination.
For example-
* Red defects Mosaic virus lacking the gene that allows it to move from cell to cell and therefore not is infectious, but together with a copy of the gene in which the GE plant Nicotina benthamiana, RCMVirus regenerate infectious.
* GE Brassica napus and Nicotiana bigelovii containing "gene-range", a
Net activator from Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) which
combined with the addition of a virus takes that genetic analysis, and
infectious virus production in all GE plants.
* N. benthamiana represents a segment of the Cowpea Chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) coat protein gene recombination usually more frequently with the virus but lack genetic defects.
* Benthamiana N. be changed to three other another coat protein structures containing code sequences of African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV). The conversion plant have been vaccinated with a coat protein deletion mutant of ACMV that cause system mild symptoms in control plants. Some plants, such as vaccination of the line transgenic develop serious symptoms typical of ACMV system re-certification combination has occurred between the mutant viral DNA and the construction of DNA synthesis results in production of progeny virus recombined with 'wild type' virulency.
The CaMV recombination, when and where?
35 gene promoter of CaMV, the virus is a common sequence in all of genetically modified (GM) is one of two plants that have been released in trade market or undergoing field trials. This gene is required of all home production of transgenic plants because it produces the drive letter from the gene gene was inserted to provide herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, pest resistant student resistance and a host of other functions as improving the quality of commercial plant. In the absence of this gene promoter ", the 'insert genes' is still not working, while in the presence of its gene activity are maintained at high levels in all plant tissue does not depend on changing environmental conditions that influence drastic operation to "promote" native plants.
2 events in 1999 caused Professor Cummins and other independent scientists to draw global attention to the disease so alarming that industrial science can have disastrous consequences. In fact, Professor Cummins has been in question in 1994 safe environment of the release of the CaMV 35 promoter gene through GM factories. real evidence available tests showed that the frequency of genetic recombination of CaMV 35 s promoter gene is much higher compared with those with other viruses. When recombinant CCMV was recovered from 3% of the benthamiana N. GM containing CCMV sequences, recombinant CaMV was recovered from 36% of the variation N. begelovii gene.
-1 Events. Scientists from the John Innes Research Institute published a article shows that 35 of the CaMV promoter is recombination 'hotspots' which means it is easily broken and reassociate with other pieces of genetic material, can be other viruses.
Event-2. Dr Arpad Pusztai, a senior scientist working in govt Kingdom Britain. funded Rowett Institute in Scotland, was sacked from his job because he was more disclose the results showed that GM potatoes were not safe. Laboratories. Rats fed GM food showed increased lymphocytes in the intestinal lining that damage to the intestine from no specific viral infection.
Scientists Mae-Wan Ho and Angel Ryan published an article in January November 1999 issue of the Journal of Ecology bacteria in health and disease warning that the CaMV 35 s promoter was interchangeable with another broadcast of the plant and animal viruses and is promiscuous and function efficiently in all plants, green algae, fungi yeast and E. coli. recombination hot spot is its two sides by many patterns and recombinant similar to other hot spots such as the Agrobacterium vector DNA-T, is often used most other genes, in transgenic plants. They also claimed to have proof in the room experiments. of genetic recombination between viruses and virus infection.
In an article posted on online journal European Food Research and Technology (2006) Author (Marit R. Myhre, et. al.) announced the construction of expression vector with CaMV 35 s promoter inserted in front of 2 'reporter gene' encoding firefly luciferase and green fluorescent protein (GFP), respectively and is transient transfection experiments in human enterocyte – like cell line, CaCO – 2 and find that 35 CaMV gene promoter drives expression of both reporter genes to levels significantly''.
Super Virus
CaMV viral promoter genes, such as 35 s can be combined with other genes, viruses, bacteria and others including those of retroviruses such as HIV and hepatitis B. CaMV itself is a retrovirus para. With retro transposons is available on the genome (which is mobile in nature) and a variety of viral advertising with CaMV 35 s, the possibility that viruses originated very best super regulations.
In a study from Canada, a plant infected with a disability melons mouse Mosaic Virus (CuMV) that lack a gene needed for movement between plant cells, the CuMV paralysis has become active in less than two weeks – a mix of genetic evidence, bought the necessary activation around – a proof of 'horizontal gene transfer.
The international Biosafety Protocol was signed by almost all independent countries founded in Montreal in January 2000 will be used without the continued move in this direction.
Antibiotics through threats to the plants
Many gene using a marker''to track where the gene to the cell. GM maize using an ampicillin resistance gene. The British Royal Society calls for ban of this marker because it threatens a vital antibiotic's use.
Resurgence of the disease infection
'The Ecology of bacteria in health and disease' Journal in 1998 reported a change in genetically modified food crops may cause the resurgence of infectious diseases. It cited the case of antibiotic resistance, formation of new and unknown virus, immune body via food etc. changed drastically as fallouts bioengineering of the genes. It also shows the occurrence of horizontal gene transfer of DNA between genetically engineered bacteria. It cited cases of bacterial throat in the mouth, and gut accounted transgenic (virus) DNA in domestic animals through food of them that can be easily passed to humans through their milk and meat.
Increase food allergies
The loss of biodiversity in the provision Our food has evolved in parallel with the increase in food allergies products. Mass case studies show the body's cells and immune system we seem to refuse to admit 'uniformity of our
real products'. Monsanto's own analysis of GM glyphosate-resistant soybean line that contains 28% more Kuniz – trypsin inhibitor, allergens and inhibition is a nutrient known.
Discount Nutrition
A study by Dr. Marc. Lappe published in 1999 and in 'Food and Drug Journal' that GM foods have levels of Low nutrients – especially phyto estrogen compound "is to protect the body from heart disease and cancer. A study of the consumption of GM Vita faba, a bean family soybeans, causing increased estrogen. This is alarming since the same are in baby food. Milk from BGH-injected cows r (a GE growth hormone) that contain significant concentrations higher as pus, bacteria and fat cells.
These foods are not natural
Monsanto sometimes claimed to have found "unexpected gene fragments 'in' the their round-up ready 'soybean. It is a well known fact that the protein exits as modified in all GE foods, the proteins not Never before have human food. FDAs own micro 'Dr. Louis J. Pribyl had in 1992 warned that the pleiotropic (unwanted and / or uncontrolled) effects GE plants occur at frequencies exceeding 30% of known and unknown toxicants with unexpected changes in the levels of nutrients that can escape from breeders notice. FDA's biotechnology Marayanski James also warned about lack of consensus among scientists of the FDA to the "sameness" of genetically modified foods compared with foods not genetically modified.
Environmental Impact
genetic modification in trees is already looking planting to increase yields and reduce use of toxic agricultural chemicals. But nothing
could be further from the truth. Professor David Ehrenfield, Professor of Biology, Rutgers University has rightly said, "What has come out in the last decade from the trees GE varieties are increasing sales of agrochemicals and production of nutritional food poisoning devoid harm "Ontario (U.S.) govt .. The study also shows that herbicide use was increased largely due to growing GM crops.
Soil toxicity
All GM crops designed to resist all kinds of toxins such as drugs herbicides and pesticides, etc. and these chemicals are sold by the company's technology biologists have developed the same person as GE crops as possible to boost sales agrochemical products they sell. Scientists like RJ have long predicted that Golburg plant GM will sell three times as toxic agricultural chemicals over the years and he was looking that is true. According to Fish and Wildlife Service United States, "Monsanto's chemical spray 'Round-out' (a herbicide) has threatened 74 species endangered in America. It attacks other public works plant photosynthesis. "Malcolm Kane (former Head of Food Safety chain Sainsbury's Super Market) revealed that the U.S. govt. to accommodate Monsanto, drug residues insecticides increased food limitation as 6 ppm to 20 ppm. According to a study report Research published by University of California, "glyphosphate (the principle of operation 'Round-up'), the 3rd leading cause of patient farms. At least 14 people died from swallowing 'round-up'. "
Soil infertility and pollution-
In Oregon, scientists study found that genetically engineered bacterium, Klebsiella planticola, designed to analyze the nature farm waste for ethanol production and waste components as raw materials left over compost engine – soil rendered sterile. It removes essential nutrients like nitrogen and soil Nitrogen accounts for killing the fungus. A similar result was also found with genetically engineered bacteria, Rhizobium melitoli. Professor Guenther Stotzky of New York University discovered that the same toxin that Monarch butterflies have been released by the the roots of GM plants and soil contamination extends to 18 months and depressed land activities of bacteria. An Oregon study also showed that bacteria genetically engineered wheat land died in the lab. when added to soil.
Like all deaths right
Some time back Time magazine's' United States as major trends of large seed corporations to buy up small seed companies, seed destruction seeds and their replacement with their GM seed patent control and mark as 'death of birth'. GM seed companies have additional farmers sign contracts not to save their seeds – forfeiting the right to sovereignty to the seed.
Super weeds
It was only that GM Bt. endotoxins remain active in soil up to 18 months (Marc Lappe and Britt Bailey) and can is transported to the wild plants to create super weeds resistant to worms beetle – which make up the balance of nature. Study in the UK (National Institute of Agricultural Botany) and Denmark (Mikkelsen, 1996) showed that the growth of grass super wild nearby just in a generation. U.S. and British researchers also found that super weed were resistant to glufosinate (a herbicide). Another study showed that U.S. 20 times more leakage on plant genetics with GM through horizontal gene transfer. A study France showed that GM canola can transfer genes to wild radishes. According to "New Scientists, a farmer in Alberta, Canada, between 1997 and 1999 in three different areas with canola GM oil just to produce three different mutant weeds are resistant Monsanto 'Round-up', Cyanamid's 'pursuit' and Aventi of "Liberty", all with herbicides invention.
Super-GE crops, the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem collapse
Super-GE crops are being developed to withstand high doses of pesticide sprays grass from the air to kill all life except around GE crops. These trees mostly not flowering and sterile. Monsanto's super even trees exude toxic chemicals from its leaves to kill caterpillars insects not only life but all access counter. In China in 2002 in millions of 'positive' to fight super-tree deforestation, creation of forest monocultures. Flowerless plant toxins such flows will end in kind remove all flights insects (including bees and butterflies) to reduce the world of insects to booklice only and earwigs. its plantation in nature will not only cause the collapse of forest ecosystems, including fungi, insects, earthworms, birds and animals breast, but also caused deep genetic contamination through gene flow of genes to affect natural and to animal and human health. The case study report of the transgene transgene flow and introgression from seed to (JR Reichman wild and LS Watrud, Molecular Ecology, 2006) can be cited which established the existence of transgenic plants in the wild in Oregon, USA. The case related to glyphosate – resistant 'bent grass climb' (Agrostis stolonifera L.) plants expressing CP4 EPSPS gene from Agrobacterium spp. Strain CP4, given glyphosate resistance, genes are found in the non-agronomic habitats outside of the experimental plots research in central Oregon.
Super pest
Laboratory. tests showed that the cotton bollworms, a common plant pest is getting resistant to the Bt. Rooms spray. The stink bug reports translated from North Carolina and Georgia are suspected to be associated with plants GE, loved by the pest. GE company Monsanto request of one of the chemical spray Quality of death ', Methyl parathion' to pest control. Transgenic Bt. Cotton and Other GE crops failed in the U.S., India and elsewhere due to pest problems mainly besides their desired and expected to produce furniture failure. Bt. Cotton is designed to kill pests such as bollworms its U.S. bollworms and deep rose, but it ended in the exclusion of natural enemies pests and turned into the super insect pests.
Killing beneficial insects
Some field studies show that GM products kill beneficial insects such as Monarch butterfly larvae (Cornell, 1999). Bt. Lace dead trees which are off their natural predators cotton worm. Honey bees die when they eat the proteins in Bt GM canola flowers. Flowers.
Poisonous with mammalian
GM potatoes, together with DNA from plants with Snowdrop virus promotor (CaMV 35 s) was found to be toxic to mammals (like mice) damaging their vital organs and immune systems. Scientists asked all GMO products using CaMV – 35 of promotor gene was extracted from the commercial production.
Genetic pollution
Some GM crops are flowerless but not all. GM pollen carried by wind, rain, birds, bees and insects other fungi and bacteria causesevere genetic pollution. Pollen from GM canola, oilseed rape and GE Bt. cotton can move several hundred meters and polluting is not the same GM as well as wild species Wildlife on the barrier even cause horizontal gene transfer. It is postulated that ubiquitous promotor, CaMV 35 s, in fact, raise
horizontal gene transfer and recombination.
A U.S. study shows 50% of the straw of wild fruit growing within 50 meters of straw berry GM and GM acquisition marks a genetic study Other studies show that 25-38% of sunflowers are grown near wild with GM crops GM gene marking. Similar studies conducted in Germany for GE rape sex workers in Thailand Oil seeds for Bt. Cotton has confirmed the discovery of America.
A study in Britain found that a GM plantation of honey contamination
this means that bees carrying GM pollen to organic cultivation and
wild, in which factors must be present in our gene transfer.
One of the new revolution green revolution 'in aquaculture is developing rapidly in
that the fish trade Trading as salmons, trouts and cats are fish genetic
amended to enable rapid development size (up to 39 X). This will, in turn, wipe their
People cousins in the wild. There are no provisions for the safety of GM and non-
Indigenous / diversity Wildlife biologists as of now.
Refuse and destroy family farms and small land owners
In the U.S. population involved in agriculture in 1850 was 60%, 4% in 1950 and less than 2% today. In 1935 is 7 million farms which now stands at under 2 million. reduction more or less similar happened everywhere in the world. But the truth are still family farms and small land owners between them produced more than 60% of our foods. This decline has its roots in the new GATT – WTO regulations. Economic power and legislative power was taken away by the new corporation agricultural information through the GATT – WTO rule new world order. Promotion of GM products in food the business of these companies farm. A large number of rice varieties originating number several thousands have been lost in India through two agricultural revolutions. Order new world could wipe out traditional vanilla 1,00,000 farmers and the islands of Madagascar Through GM Comoros vanilla; lakh farmers in the sugar cane third world through GE fructose. Sudan has since long lost export of gum arabic. A modest estimates put the figure at as $ 14000000000 synthetic substitutes for natural products of agriculture third world. There are efforts to develop food in the laboratory large, eliminating the need for seeds, soil and even plants such transfer the task of food production from farming communities to the laboratory GE tests.
Control and dependency
Terminator Technology: –
GE seed companies ensure through legislation that farmers will not be eligible to save and exchanging patented seeds. To not farmers in seed collection seeds and seed saving, they have developed and introduced a technology, widely called 'Terminator technology' to ensure that the seeds are rendered sterile after harvest. These particles contain 'suicide' gene in both male and female line. The male infertility is caused by a gene (without the United States Patent 5,750,867 owned by Aventis). from Bacillus amyloliquefeciens called 'barnase' coding for a ribonuclease that pollen suggests 'death' with no pollen cells from undergoing meiosis to halve chromosomes of them. In addition, a pollen-lethal gene is used which is shown at the end of the development of male flowers, pollen in the cells after meiosis prevent pollen being formed. The gene female sterile (no U.S. patents 5,633,441 owned by Aventis). Associated with a genetic marker for selection its own promoter, to the infertile female plants can be selected. Genes terminator, in addition to barnase, including papain active protein, or fragments of toxin A-patients diphtheria, Marker herbicide resistance genes include genes used, or given a genetic basis disease or pest resistance, a GUS gene for glucuronidase, or a gene encoding Bacillus thuringensis (Bt) endotoxin. Advice The main topic related to the use of different genetic structure have occurred is very multiple gene disruption because they have been integrated and genetic engineers can not control Integrated control or that they or their multiplication which, in turn, will people not sure sure and unpredictabilities of GM crops. Many of these genes are currently used in production production of genetically modified crops and terminator like recombinase genes is lethal damage to cells including including mammalian cells. Recombinase causes recombination at specific sites have not may cause disturbance by large genome size (ISIS News 7 / 8). In addition, gene synthesis and GM structures can be spread by horizontal gene transfer not associated with other species agencies that can not be controlled. This will cause large scale destruction of most biodiversity is to develop in nature by the force of the process evolution.
Traitor technology: –
This is a patented technology bad market release by the Corporation of modern agriculture that some plants GM has the technology to control the various stages of their life cycle – when to leaves, flower and bear fruit – the influence of certain chemicals cause. Thus, farmers required to use this chemical if it is a crop, thereby pushing him / her to a deeper level of economic dependence or debt.
Less diversified quality, quantity and profits
The most misleading hopes raised by GM technology company is the only GM crops will solve the famine on world. World wide studies have demonstrated outside the doubt that monoculture tree any plant anywhere always yield less per acre as compaired to polyculture of several crops – seeds of different intervening rows, or in fence post different patches in the same area. In a study of 8200 cases tested, Round soybean production to be ready bushels less than the cousin of the bean non-GMO soy (Charles Benbrook, former Director of Agriculture, National Academy of Sciences). The average yield for non-genetically modified soybeans was 51.21 bushels per acre, for many it was GM 49.26. This again confirmed in a study Research at the University of Nebraska Institute of Agriculture Resources. Monsanto's five different lines of beans Soy is grown in four different locations of different soil environments. Doctoral Elmore who found that on average more expensive GM seed production not less than 6% and 11% GM seed less than the good crop yields normally. Even higher yields (cotton Bt. in some U.S. schools.) Cost of seeds and fertilizers used reduce net profits so significantly reduce the cost-benefit exhaustion (B: C) ratio more. The agronomic rate is the cost-benefit factors are all important expression sustainability of farmers. A reduced B: C showed reduced rate of the economy farmers; that he was not making any profit and that he could not continue for long in the agriculture.
Fragility of agriculture in the future: –
Loss of diversity bio-agriculture farming fragile. The case of the Irish potato famine of the Cross Annual 1840 is a clear example of the importance of plant diversity factors. When farmers grow a variety of Irish, Peruvian farmers have thousands of varieties and This diversity provides resources for constant blight resistance in plants potatoes. In the recent past a similar situation arising in Russia, where a more dangerous strain – Potato late blight – potato crops threaten Russia, able to withstand wide temperature of harsh Russian winter. Citrus blight cancer threatening the industry's left $ 8500000000 Citrus trees in Florida in 2000. Coca plants, mono and cut nearly all the same, well threatened by an international blight. Thus, rather than destroy the conservation diversity of plant varieties GM shares of agricultural corporations created a situation very dangerous and makes the future of agriculture is extremely fragile.
Add pesticides and declining output: –
In contrast to the high requirements of the company's research showed that GM The best field of organic farming techniques – using rich natural resources can always produce better crops resistant to higher yields and higher B C ratio than other types of GM crops. GM crops, in recent years, many times requires 2-5 pounds biocides for each acre over genetically modified plant varieties and this does not lead to deteriorations drastical environment.
Economic, political and social factors
Monopolisation food production Manufacturer: –
There are about 1,500 seed companies world wide, but about a dozen of these controls 50% of global seed market trade. Nuclear Corporation large seed companies acquired smaller seeds and faith use secret market their schools. By 2000, five corporations control 40% of bean seed market soy; three corporations control 90% of corn seed market; two companies control 75% market cotton seed and thus reduce the number of companies control the market and independent rights are increasing. Competing with the GATT-WTO norms not only the number of new peasant families has been decreasing dramatically, but also a net annual income of farms. The average annual income from small family farms in America / Europe fell sharply in cross past century to render families living below the poverty level.
Influence of dependence of food: –
As food production is proprietary, relatively future of its supply becomes dependent on decisions of a few companies efficient securities and their seeds. Plant diversity is waning – lost in developed world and are in the process in third world countries, except for a some pockets – like potato varieties in Peru and India, all in the third world. Food Scientists point out that if the indigenous territories are continuing harassment by the advances of biotechnology, life's long-term supply all food of the world will be lost for ever.
Corporation biotechnology Agriculture & Agribusiness top of them, in 1999.
Total Corporation
Agribusiness Sales Sales Seed
Rated output (global) Agriculture
Chemical Sales Rank (global) Pharmaceuticals
Sales (they
Initially business) research. &
Investment Development
A. 'Life Science' Group (involved mainly in genetically modified crops different
plants)
Aventis 20500000000 $ 4600000000 $ n / a 1 13900000000 $ $ 3000000000
Novartis
(Syngenta) 20.3 billion $ $ 4.4 billion 3 2 $ 9800000000 $ 2200000000
Monsanto (1998) $ 8,600,000,000 $ 4,000,000,000 $ 2,800,000,000 $ 1,300,000,000 2 3
Astra Zeneca
(Syngenta) $ 18.4 6 5 14800000000 billion $ 2700000000 $ 2900000000
B. 'Science and Industry' Group (mainly engaged in production different
agrochemicals)
Bayer 27000000000 $ 3100000000 $ n / a 6 $ 5,000,000,000 $ 2,100,000,000
DuPont $ 26900000000 $ 3000000000 1 4 $ 1.6 billion $ 1,600,000,000
Dow 18900000000 8 —— —— $ $ 2300000000 $ 0850000000
BASF 29500000000 —— 1700000000 $ $ 9 $ 2500000000 $ 1.3 billion
Biocolonisation: –
Colonisation in the past have been through military technology advanced. But the latest weapon in the hands of a few is a superpower and that biological one of GM seeds. When one takes sufficient food, he was entangled in side of food. This is why 5,00,000 farmers warned India has conducted a protest against the new GATT in 1993 and now anti-GM seeds, GM products agriculture. Recently, the European Community has launched the slow food movement is rapidly developing into a global movement to limit major crops GM and saving biodiversity and reducing
indigenous knowledge on technical farming, biodiversity, organic agriculture.
Dependence and slavery: –
The new regulations which have come through the new world order, GATT – WTO, etc., right autonomy of the local economy can be overwritten whole. public Foreign companies can buy and own all the local companies, seed, water, land and natural resources, convert them to cash export, thereby promote the local economy depends, and slaves.
Cases do not lead investment in our future?
Long before the philosopher Descartes postulated that space can be spectrum
or infinitely separated. Not long ago think of Einstein famous formula E = mc2, which led to the destruction of two Japanese cities by the end of war brought World War 2. Now is the time of genetic engineering or gene technology DNA re- combinations, introduction of foreign DNA – to promote and sign – the genetic modification of all life forms – not for the improvement of humanity, but by using thanotechnology use the money bad. Global sense prevail to destroy or limitation of nuclear weapons once owned by the two super powers. But mental is spreading rapidly in the form of application of recombinant DNA technology in the world b. threaten the lives of its existence. It is a Cartesian approach in a Differently?
Is it better to be safe than sorry?
In response to the rapid development in genetic engineering and its
applied to life forms, Decree Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was negotiated and it was effective September, 2003. Protocol
establish a regime of international movement GMOs with
Aim to protect biodiversity from the impacts of global disadvantages of GMOs. The
WTO covers only trade in GMOs, so that is the purpose different, to prevent
restrictions on free movement of GMOs. So Decree messages in a sense
conflicts with the WTO. harmonization, so the two agreements is high
desired. suggested that the Protocol is used in the WTO
evidence on internationally accepted standards relating to GMOs. But it is
WTO unlikely sure that will accept a proposal. Is there a solution?
In 1999, approximately 28 million hectares have been planted by GE crops around the world by claiming that they had by pests, disease resistance and will provide enough food to end hunger world.
Other ideas such as crops have been released without adequate tests and questioning their long-term safety for humans and the environment.
Government all over the world are in dilemma, to allow or not allow it, a decision likely affected by officials in view of the lack of scientific consensus on the full all biological threats in the world.
Pursuant to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Decree Cartagena Protocol that took effect from 11 September 2003 set up an institutional of which dealt with the international movement of all genetically modified organisms (LMOs), including GMOs and other organisms created through the merger of different cell types classified – in accordance with the precautionary principle.
Decree Protocol applied to two types of LMOs: –
1. LMOs intended for release into the environment such as fish, plants and
seeds etc. covered by the operating department.
2. LMOs intended for use in food or feed or for processing as pie roasted corn flour,
soy milk, etc.
All LMOs are pharmaceuticals for humans excluded from the Protocol,
have rejected the European Union, but the United States against this veto.
Under the Protocol, trade in LMOs with external (Like America) have done the same way as with the parties.
Articles posts 7-12 of the Protocol, notify the Advance Agreement (AIA) is described as bone its life requires an exporter to obtain the consent of importing countries before shipping LMOs for the first time living by giving notice of national jurisdiction. The importing country must then acknowledge receiving report and decide whether or not to accept the shipment within a certain time. Under the Protocol, a risk assessment must be conducted for all the relating to the acceptance of LMO shipments. A party may accept the lot found with certain conditions, prohibit the import or request additional information from exporting countries. In addition, the Protocol established a "clearing house safe biology "that the importing country must notify its decision on import password in a particular LMO 270 days after initial notification. However, under the Protocol a failure to notify does not imply consent.
America, although not a party to the Protocol exerted considerable influence on the scope of Decree mail by joining the talks. Its intention is to ensure that the Decree Protocol has limited effect as possible, to protect industry U.S. biotechnology. My main objective was to subordinate the Protocol to the WTO rules for international trade in GMOs will not be interrupted.
Later Results when there is involvement of the United States, 135 member countries quickly became divided into Two groups ie. "Like Minded Group" of mostly developing countries, foreign except Argentina, Chile and Uruguay and the "Miami Group" of countries including Australia, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and U.S. exports of genetically modified and importing countries. Miami Group supported Decree key messages that would not disrupt international trade GMOs.
My continuous looking to have problems GMOs trade mission to the WTO. Spent assistance from the WTO forced the EU to deny the problem variables modified organisms in which, in turn, lend greater weight to the Protocol.
U.S. insists draft Protocol by including a''savings in 'words said the 'not in the "partial cooperation" and with reference to the U.S. 2 and 3 ignore the first paragraph stated that the treaty does not alter the rights and obligations governments under the WTO rules.
Any conflict between the Decree Protocol and the WTO is likely to be referred to the WTO dispute panel if a parties to the dispute has not signed the environmental agreement (such as USA). For example, if India, the action is consistent with the Protocol to prohibit certain imports GMOs from America, America may lose the conflict in the WTO dispute panel declared that India India has violated WTO rules and case results can be expected guess also because of the role of the body are explained dispute WTO agreement and Resolution It does not.
Thus, the question – Is it better to be safe than sorry? And the answer may be, 'sorry, it is probably too late. "We 're halfway through globalization. We decided the fate of we passed legislation and policy decisions from there maybe we can not turn again. However, we have the biodiversity that we have no problem maintaining How and at what cost.
About the Author
Author is an avid natrure analyst,has worked on & written books,research papers and short & large articles on several aspects of the nature such as farming,forest,food and water etc.
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